Posology

The term posology (greek posos,how much;and logos,science)is the science of doses.
all pharmacopoeias prescribe the doses of drugs for internal use..
The dose is to be decided by the prescriber depending upon patients age ,sex ,symptoms,his medication history and the factors like tolerance,idiosyncrasy(morphine may produce excitation in some individuals,specially women ,although normally it depress CNS,
route of administration etc.
Thanks

Cardiac output

The ventricles of heart,pump out blood at every beat.the quantity of bleed pumped out is called'cardiac output'

Arteries and veins

Arteries r the vessels which carry the blood from the heart to supply it to all parts of the body...the blood is usually oxygenated except that of pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated containg blood....small arteries called arterioles....VEINS are the vessels which bring the blood from various parts of the body to pour it into the heart.the blood is usually deoxygenated except pulmonary veins brings oxygenated blood to left atrium.

Preload and afterload

Preload is end volumetric pressure that stretches the left ventricle of the heart. Preload=LVEDP INTO LVEDR DEVIDED BY 2h LVEDP=LEFT VENTRICULAR END DIAsTOlic pressuse and LVEDR=LEDE SAME R(RADIUS)at ventrical midpoint..........Afterload is measurement of tension produced by a specific chamber of heart...thanks

Parentral products

The term parentral derived from greek word 'para' meaning beside and 'enteron' meaning the intestine..thus parentral administration should include the administration of drug by any route other than intestine.

Muscular system

There r 3 types of musles in the body.1 skeletal 2.visceral and 3.cardiac.their names suggest,their location.skeletal muscles(voluntary) are usually attached to bones,visceral musles(involuntary) are found in such as stomach ,intestine etc. Heart is made up of cardiac musles(involuntary).

HEART LAYERS

The heart consists of 3 layers.1.the outermost layer is called pericardium.Pericardium forms a bag like structure-the pericardium sac and contains a fluid called pericardial fluid. 2.The middle layer is the main stuff of the heart made up of myocytes and fibroblast.this layer is called Myocardium. 3.the innermost layer is called endocardium.

The ear

It is an organ for hearing and maintenance of body equilibrium.it is controlled by the brain through the EIGHTH CRANIAL NERVE called VESTIBULOCOCHlear nerve.the ear is divided into 3 parts.(1)external ear(2)middle ear(3)internal ear.....,....1.external ear consists of pinna which helps to collect the sound waves.2.MIDDLE EAR is a small chamber,internal to drum and contains air.3.INTERNAL EAR IS an complex cavity situated in the temporal bone

Sublimation

Solids which have high vapour pressure such as iodine and camphor can pass directly from the solid to the gaseous state without melting k/a sublimation.

Tinctures

Tinctures ,according to I.P,are defined as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions ,in comparatively dilute proportions,the active principals of vegetable or animals drug.........internally tinctures are used as cardiotonics(eg.digitalis tinctures),anticholinergics(belladona tinctures),as parasympatholytics(e.g.datura tinctures),and as emetics(e.g ipecacuanha tincture)

CMC

Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) is marketed as sodium CMC.the hydrogen atom of OH groups are substituted by carboxymethyl groups which yield CMC.on an avrg 30% of the hydroxyl groups of cellulose molecules are substituted.................easily suspended in water to form collidal suspention(PH-5TO10) USED AS tablet excipient,suspending agent and viscolizes.it is also an bulk laxative and anta acid.non toxic.

ENCEPHALITIS

It is a infectious disease of bacterial or viral origin of the CNS with pathological changes in the grey and white matter of the brain in particular. in this may have higher fever(symptoms)

Elixirs

Elixirs are defined as clear,sweetened,aromatic,hydroalcoholic,liquids intended for oral use.(1)elixirs are less sweet and less viscous than syrups and may contain less or no sugar.(2)elixirs are more stable than syrups and hence are preferred over syrups from manufacturing. Classification (a)non-medicated:do not contain medicament and employed as flavouring vehicle eg.Aromatic elixir U.s.p .compound benzaldehyde elixir NF (b)medicated:employed for therapeutic action,contains medicament eg.diphenhydramine Hcl elixirU.S.P USE-as expectorant and as vehicle in prepation of Terpin hydrate and codiene hydrate.